It also covers all walking and work surfaces within these workplaces regardless of operations, including floors, aisles, stairs, ladders, platforms, roofs, etc. Good call on un-safety. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 451(e)(5)(ii) - "No ramp or walkway shall be inclined more than a slope of one vertical to three horizontal (20 degrees above the horizontal). as a footwalk along shafting or a walkway between buildings. The bridge shall be set from the ground uphill or downhill to the landing location at a slope no greater than 6 ft horizontal to 1 ft vertical;. 1926. For ADA compliance, the minimum sidewalk width is 36 inches (3 feet), though sidewalks can be wider. The width of ramps shall be as required for exits. Perpendicular curb ramps may require a pedestrian to choose a direction from a landing at the top of the ramp. " 29 CFR 1910. November 22, 2017. Portions of accessible routes with running slopes steeper than 5% also must be treated as ramps. Have no more than a 1:48 (2. 2931. The maximum rise for any run shall be 30 in (760 mm). systems to respond to higher standards of safety, health, and environmental protection as well as population growth. The maximum driveway slope is 25%. , Washington, D. Gravel is one of the more troublesome surfaces for a driveway on a slope due to the loose nature of. 2]" For curb ramps constructed after January 26, 1992 (post-ADA), the slope must be 8. 5, but this was only for structural steel walking surfaces, and this requirement was rescinded in January of 2006. 501(b)(10)). 26 (b) (2)1. or barricades must be provided for excavations adjacent to walkways, driveways, and other pedestrian or. This is the first OSHA requirement to be aware of. 2] and Cross Slope [§405. OSHA allows the use of an effective fall restraint system in lieu of a personal fall arrest system. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210 1-800-321-OSHA 1-800-321-6742 Federal Government White House; Benefits. 1 Slope and Rise of Sidewalk Ramps. Specifically, workroom floors have always been required to be kept clean and dry. Walking surfaces must have running slopes not steeper than 1:20, see 403. 6 (1) Where an employee has access to an open-top bin, hopper, vat, pit or other open-top enclosure from a point directly above the enclosure, the enclosure shall be (a) covered with a grating, screen or other covering that will prevent the employee from falling into the enclosure; or (b) provided with a walkway. Our main objective is to determine the. ADA ramp requirements include landings at the top and bottom of the ramp. The handbook provides detailed information on topics such as planning, equipment, rigging, signals, landing, and loading. Sand and stone. All ramps with a rise greater than six inches (6. 1917. If the slope of a ramp or a walkway is steeper than one (1) vertical in eight (8) horizontal, the ramp or walkway shall have cleats not. requires walkways to be tested with a load of 1. The running slope is to be uniform along a run, although slight variations may occur with certain materials such asapplicable OSHA standard requires it, OSHA strongly recommends that all employers have an EAP. 178(m)(3)]. 29 (f) (1) (ii) (B)) and the handrail must be 30 to 38 inches in height (§1910. We will now cover some additional areas. 1 - 5. The employer must ensure guardrail systems meet the following requirements: 1910. 0 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION 1. 21(b), if the slope is more than 20 degrees to the horizontal or if employees could fall more than four feet (1. According to Slip, Trip, and Fall Prevention by Steven Di Pilla. As a practical matter, DCOF reflects the phase in a slip that is too late for prevention – you are already slipping! SCOF is always greater than DCOF, and a measurement of one does not relate to the other – there is no linear relationship. Start by evaluating the slope of your landscape. • Section 12, “Temporary Traffic Control,” directs. The defined walkway will consist of a paved area 4 ft. OSHA, ANSI and ADA Regulations for Walkways and Surface. 3, the clear width of walking surfaces shall be 36 inches (915 mm) minimum. The preferred width for swales is 5 to 11 feet. A ladder safety system usually consists of a carrier, safety sleeve, lanyard, connectors, and body harness. reasonably raise themselves. Stair tread slope (out of level on walking surface) - (slope or "rise" must be <= 1 in 48)-- Source: IRC. If heavy loads are expected, the slope should not exceed 5%. The IBC, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and various other codes, regulations, legislation and consensus standards; such as ASTM F1637, 2013, ASTM F2965, 2013, and ASTM F2966-13; mention the need for slip resistant surfaces, yet have not adequately defined what “slip resistant”. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306 (a) without "Note. Working on Steep Roofs – 29 CFR 1926. That a “qualified person” is required to perform walkway inspections. 146 - Permit-Required Confined Spaces (PRCS) standard to your workplace that is a multi-family residential and commercial building. g. If sidewalks are less than 60 inches (5 feet) wide, passing spaces must be constructed every 200 feet. OSHA 1910. First, determine if the roof is a “low-slope roof,” defined as a slope of 4:12 or less. 1. Whether to do a steep ramp or steps depends somewhat on who will be using the walkway. OregonOSHA Salem Central Office 350 Winter St. 502(c)(1) Safety nets shall be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working surface on which employees are working, but in no case more than 30 feet (9. Walkways are defined as having a grade between 1:20 to 1:33. • Walking surfaces greater than a 1:20 slope are considered curb ramps or pedestrian ramps • Level area is defined as having a maximum slope in any direction of 1:48 • Sloped walkways have a 60” deep minimum level area (1:48 or less) in the direction of travel at 400 LF maximum for the full width of the walkway per CBCCal/OSHA 2. The slope limit shall apply in any direction to the point of the first slope change, where a slope change exists. Ramps, Runways, and Other Walkways – 29 CFR 1926. 2 Design Criteria 3. Excavations beyond the projected levee slopes but still within the critical area, should meet Federal, State and local criteria, COE safety manual and OSHA criteria. 7. Kee Walk with Guardrail provides a safe pathway that requires no formal training or experience [it is passive] and “collectively” protects people when working at height. The ones in the upper picture look fairly sizeable too. The raised button surface we use to make ramps and treads has a COF of 0. Pay attention to track position – When working on a hill, the tracks should be positioned straight up and down the slope. Handrails shall be at a consistent height above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces. The OSHA gangway rail requirements are found in OSHA section 1910. The ADA also defines lengthwise slope (the normal path a patron would traverse while passing by) for safety reasons. Ramps with a minimum width of eighteen (18) inches may have only one guardrail. First, OSHA requires that all scaffolds be designed by a person who is qualified to design a safe structure. Sloping Walkway: Cannot exceed 20° in the direction of travel. Exception: For barges operating on the Mississippi River System, where the employer shows that these requirements cannot reasonably be met due to local conditions, other safe means of access shall be provided. 451 and the general requirements mandated under sub section (e) (5). The system also meets the other design criteria of this standard. L. The minimum inside width between the opposing handrails must be at least 36 inches to accommodate a wheelchair. They can also be a big help from a business standpoint. 0% cross slope in any direction will be provided wherever two sidewalks cross, or a turn may be required. Where the type of operation necessitates working on slippery floors, such surfaces shall be protected against slipping by using mats, grates. For further building construction, check a dedicated wheelchair ramp slope calculator. My Account; 1-800-251-0381; Products; Partners; Company. Designed to Exceed Global Standards. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. Safety net systems. 1910. A modular roof walkway system that’s easy to install and designed to meet and exceed all OSHA regulations. Ramp: Any ramp that has a rise greater than 6 (inches) or a run greater than 72 (inches) needs to have ADA compliant handrail. Slope and Cross Slope [§405. Preventing slips is an effective way to prevent falls. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued massive revisions to its regulations requiring most employers to protect employees from slip and fall hazards in most workplace contexts. Definitions. 2. 1 Assess the Slope. /JD, MBA Learn About Our Review Process ••• Most employers understand that scaffolding, stairs, aisles and other. These specifications apply to all portions of accessible routes, including thresholds and carpet trim. Search. OSHA's Walking-working surfaces standard, 29 CFR 1910. The defined walkway will consist of a paved area 4 ft. com or call her direct at 405. The technical requirements specify the design criteria for individual elements. Dear Mr. 501(b)(10). General Physical Conditions and Structures Orders Article 4. ensure maximum workplace safety. Finding the perfect panel length isn't only important for safety, it can also lead to significant cost reductions. ) [§ 4. Next, determine if these standards are the proper standards to follow. 2. If you are building the walkway yourself, you will need access to equipment such as a wheelbarrow, shovels and other tools that will. Plus a huge number of free manuals and resources- presented by Environmental Health & Safety Online. Multiply this number by 100 and you have the percentage slope. 1- 2000 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators,. 21 Scope and definitions. However, there must be extra height added to barriers that deflect. Dear Mr. When purchasing a mower that will be used to mow slopes, look for one that provides the option of added traction. Failure to provide adequate slope can lead to wet and damaged foundations, deterioration of the driveway and walkway, and low spots where water collects. Overview One of the most common safety hazards at Caltech is slips, trips, and falls (STFs). Part 2 Occupational Health and Safety; Part 3 Workers' Compensation System;. Ramps that measure more than 6 feet above lower levels (areas below the level at which a worker is working and could fall) should be equipped with guardrail systems. A 21s u p p o r ting steel frame or to poor c o n t r ol of screed setting. Doors serving a means of egress system shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1022. 15005 or 57. Ladders without cages or in wells should have at least 15 inches clear in each direction from the center of the ladder. 122 (2) (A) specifies that: “Safety will be considered throughout the project development process. 28(b)(13)-Work on low-slope roofs. 1051 (a) A stairway or ladder shall be provided at all personnel points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches (48 cm) or more, and no ramp, runway, sloped embankment, or personnel hoist is provided. You can still create straight pathways but you need to carefully choose the area. Fall protection available for roofs with a slope ratio greater than 4 vertical to 12 horizontal but less than 8 vertical to 12 horizontal: guardrails, personal fall protection systems, safety nets, or; other acceptable work procedures. The pedestrian walkway and connected buildings are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903. Safety 19 Emergency Lighting/Exit Lights/Emergency Exits - Exit lights are on emergency circuits and in operation at all times. Which does OSHA need to say about safely using forklift work platforms? It can be confusing. 1) All ramps must have a 1 percent cross slope, while ADA guidelines allow for a maximum of 2. The combination of a sloped surface with conditions that can make that walking surface slippery, especially at outdoor building access ramps, forms a falling hazard at both. All images courtesy Space Options. Providing a safe walking path can be a grueling task due to the structure or slope of a roof. A straight walkway down a steep slope does not serve as a good and safe idea. The employer must ensure each safety net system meets the requirements in 29 CFR part 1926, subpart M. 21(b), if the slope is more than 20 degrees to the horizontal or if employees could fall more than four feet (1. Ramp Requirements . g. Specific aisle requirements are made for industrial aisles. 30 m) away from the edge of the apron, the space between them shall be bridged by a firm walkway equipped with a hand rail with a minimum height of approximately 33. Safety is a key factor in planning and design of roadway facilities for pedestrians as they are particularly vulnerable street users. OSHA clearance requirements regulate the amount of empty space that must be left around ladders in workplaces. 2 Components. wide, at minimum, with a cross slope of 1% (2. Here are the OSHA standards that require EAPs: • Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals - 1910. — Low slope roof – 4:12 slope or less – 29 CFR 1926. *For complete ADA ramp handrail requirements for California, view the California Building. 272OSHA’s proposed new rule will require that: a. OSHA regulations protect forklift operators and pedestrians in the workplace. ADAAG should change their requirements so that the maximum sidewalk cross-slope is 3 percent and the minimum slope is 1. A stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe means of egress shall be located in trench excavations that are 4 feet (1. (a) Permanent floors and platforms shall be free of dangerous projections or obstructions, maintained in good repair, and reasonably free of oil, grease, or water. "You should never have your tracks going parallel to the slope because. If you live on a hill, then you may be wondering just how steep your driveway can be before it becomes a problem. Walking-working surfaces are maintained free of hazards such as sharp or protruding objects, loose boards, corrosion, leaks, spills, snow, and ice. This is a new term that OSHA added to the final rule. Determine the angle and degree of the slope, as this will impact the design and layout of your walkway. Steeper slopes may require additional reinforcements or terracing to ensure stability. This can be done by hand or with the help of a machine. OSHA sections 1926. California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Cal/OSHA), Title 8, 1918. 2 Subpart L defines "scaffold" as "any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting structure. 501(b)(11) A steep roof has a slope greater than 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal). (b) Stairways: Section 4. The slope that is perpendicular to the direction of travel (see running slope). Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and vertical surface) with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1. In the case of manufacturing operations, these access catwalks make extended access possible throughout the. g. Under these regulations, employers are. 62 m) of lateral travel for employees. 5. Walkways are available from 4-ft to 10-ft and bridges are available. First, determine if the roof is a “low-slope roof,” defined as a slope of 4:12 or less. Beth Strella. Changes in level above a ½” must be treated as a ramp or curb ramp (or a walkway if a slope no steeper than 1:20 can be achieved). Sidewalks also require sufficient storageRamp Width. Keep areas around light switches clear and accessible. So, if the low-slope roof is to be accessed for some kind of maintenance work (not. Falls from heights and on the same level (a working surface) are among the leading causes of serious work-related injuries and deaths. 46 m 2) for each person. Part 2 Occupational Health and Safety. ”. 2. 29(b)(2)(i-iv):WCB Standards. Never carry passengers. General Physical Conditions and Structures Orders Article 2. by Jean Tessmer, RME, ASID It may seem impossible to meet the flatness required by the Americans with Disabilities Act’s (ADA’s) less than two percent (1:50) maximum slopes for random traffic floors, landings, walkways, sidewalks, curb ramps, entrances, exit ways, ramps, and intersections at. Ensure the landing area is at least 1. 1917. It also can be expressed as a percentage, pitch, or in degrees. Slope represents the proportion of vertical rise to horizontal length and is specified in the Standards as a ratio (e. 7] The ramp, or ramp run, must be at least 36 inches wide, not including the flared sides. 8m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of warning line system. These slopes are traversable and recoverable. 1910. 1910. [§ 4. This is the first OSHA requirement to be aware of. Walkways shall be of sufficient width to accommodate the pedestrian traffic, but in no case shall they be less than 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. 1926. The top edge height may exceed 45 inches (114 cm), as long as the guardrail system meets all other criteria. Advisory 402. Steeper slopes may require additional reinforcements or terracing to ensure stability. Such. These cleats. It also can be expressed as a percentage, pitch, or in. If a gangway is not practicable, a straight ladder meeting the requirements of 1918. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by. Which does OSHA need to. 3. 08%) slope in all directions. 11009 - walkways along conveyors) (77. SIMPLE SLOPE--SHORT TERM. When properly installed at a 1:12 slope, this ramp will allow access to a threshold 30 inches above ground. Post-Mounted Objects. If a worker is employed on a roof having a slope ratio of 8 vertical to 12 horizontal or greater, the worker must use a personal fall protection system or personnel safety nets must be used, and 38 mm x 140 mm (2 in x 6 in nominal) toe-holds must be used if the. 29(d)(1)(i) Employees remain within the designated area while work operations are underway; and. gov; USA. 3]. 6 Physical properties. The climbing side of the ladder should have at least 36 inches from the center of the rungs for a slope of 76. Changes in level can be up to ¼″ without treatment or ½″ if beveled with a slope no steeper than 1:2. OSHA’s Excavations standards at 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart P. When engaged in roofing work on low-slope roofs 50 feet or less in width, the use of a safety monitoring system without a warning line system is permitted. Slope is usually expressed as the ratio of the ramp’s height, or rise, to its length, or run. 1915. 1 m) below such level. It covers the key ADA requirements, design standards, and best practices for accommodating pedestrians with disabilities. Pedestrian access, accommodation, and safety should be given full consideration during all project planning, scoping, and design. To examine some of the common myths and misconceptions, this article. All components of an accessible route shall comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter 4. Except where required to meet the accessibility requirements in accordance with Section 307. For wheelchair use, of course, you can't have steps. A walkway handrail instead guardrail system is requested to anything catwalks height than 4' above ampere lower level. 164 • Grain Handling - 1910. 28; 1910. This is a significant improvement, but slips and falls will continue to be a risk. OSHA 1910. ASME B20. 642. Please note that the configuration of the ramp system you purchased may differ from that shown on these instructions (different size landing, different width ramp, walkway sections, etc. 1 (slopes 1:14) stipulates the maximum height would be 3. 2 Walkways. This Standard defines the safety requirements relating to the elements of design, operation, and maintenance of low lift and high lift powered industrial trucks controlled by a riding or walking operator, and intended for use on compacted, improved surfaces. On divided highways, each one-way pavement has a. 4 - DEFINITIONS. 5 COF) is for manlift platforms in 29CFR1910. 2. 1. 29 - Fall protection systems real falling object protection-criteria and practices. Curb ramps are required for newly built and altered streets, roads, and intersections or anywhere there are curbs or other barriers from the street to a pedestrian walkway. The area shall be located on the same lot not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) away from the building requiring egress. OSHA uses the term "permit-required confined space. 501(b)(6). If work areas are too narrow for 18-inch platforms or walkways, you can use narrower platforms, but workers must be protected from falling with guardrails or personal fall-arrest systems . Walking surfaces must have running slopes not steeper than 1:20, see 403. C. 29(b)(3) Guardrail. Environmental Health & Safety Office Walking and Working Surfaces Guide 07/2015 2 o On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides open, one stair railing on each side. Low Maintenance Railing can Last Decades. The grade (running slope) of the sidewalk shall not exceed the adjacent roadway profile grade. " 7 Widening paved shoulders also provide numerous safety benefits for motorists as well as benefits for pedestrians including: Reducing numerous crash types 8. OSHA publishes a final rule on WWS and PPE in November 2016 that updated requirements for slips, trip and fall hazards. This allowance provides some design flexibility. 8 m) or more above lower levels shall have guardrail systems which comply with subpart M of this part -- Fall Protection;. 22, addresses workplace hazards that cause slip, trip, and falls. Gangways that connect. Sloping and benching proportions should match the soil type. 3. Have an access aisle at least 60 inches wide. 1926. 610 m (2 ft) could create a safety hazard. g. Equipment standards on slip, trip. 23, a 200 lb force applied to the top rail in any direction at any point. The walkway is used as access for exterior doors on the elevated level. Often, when it is overcast or dark outside, it can be hard to see a walkway. ) The Americans with Disabilities Act states that these criteria must be met for any wheelchair ramp used by the public. 29(d)(1) When the employer uses a designated area, the employer must ensure: 1910. running slope is the slope in the direction of pedestrian travel on the ramp run. 1. 178(n)(7). We will now cover some additional areas. Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than required by this code shall meet the requirements of this section. 3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210 1-800-321-OSHA 1-800-321-6742 Federal Government White House; Benefits. Aluminum roof access walkways for safety are often a key part of creating a safe environment for people working at heights. The bleacher-type seating has an occupant load of less than 15,000; 1. , 1:12). 2. Any working surface 4 feet or higher must be protected with guardrails on all sides at least 42″ tall and have to withstand 200 pounds of force. 3. Standard strength and construction: any construction of railings, covers or other guards that meets the requirements of 1910. 1918. A ratio of 4 in 12 means a vertical rise of 4 units ( e. g. Look at local requirements to see what your municipality allows. Cages and wells are not ladder safety systems. In the event that the sheeting and bracing. In offices, minimum height and width requirements apply to emergency exit aisles. 3. 501 (Duty to have fall protection), 1926. A trimmed hedge at the top of the hill visually distances the home behind it from the pathway. Rather than just relying on friction to provide a safe walking surface when traveling up a slope, Kee Walk utilizes stair sections for a safe and ergonomic ascent. (4 in 12 pitch or less). Each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with unprotected sides and edges six feet or more above lower levels, shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems, and personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of a warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system and safety net system,. No more than 1 inch of space can be present between each scaffold unit unless the employer can show that more space was needed. g. 1926. Twelve healthy, young male participants completed level, slope, and stair trials on a 25-m walkway. 1052 (a) (1) Stairways that will not be a permanent part of the structure on which construction work is being performed shall have landings of not less than 30 inches (76 cm) in the direction of travel and extend at least 22 inches (56 cm) in width at every 12 feet (3. 1910. the structural floor to an existing pedestrian accessible route; and implementing sufficient measures to ensure the safety and welfare of the pedestrian(s) traversing the site. A Rooftop Walkway Designed for Slopes. (c) Fixed ladders: Section 5. For child safety, the balusters or other decorative infill must be spaced less than 4 inches apart (a 4-inch-diameter ball should not pass between the balusters). Exit Routes (Means of Egress). The ADA ramp slope must be no steeper than 1:12 (1 inch of vertical rise to 12 inches of ramp length. 4. Abrupt changes in elevation at the top or bottom should be avoided. 3 Clear Width. Access, Work Space, and Work Areas. that is compliant in slope, counter slope, vertical clearances, turning radii and surface. Any working surface 4 feet or higher must be protected with guardrails on all sides at least 42" tall and have to withstand 200 pounds of force. 28 and 1910. 1052 (a) (2)July 17, 2014 Mr. Webforge's project management team can work. B–1. In areas that can’t be kept dry, OSHA. If any obstruction within 18″ of the latch side projects more than 8″ from the face of a door or gate, maneuvering clearances for a forward approach must be provided. Section 18(b) of The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, P. 451(e)(5)(ii)] If a ramp or walkway has a slope of more than 1:8, it must have cleats securely fastened to the planks not more than 14 inches apart, to provide footing. Next, decide on the design of your walkway. Emergency exits and routes are marked and unobstructed. In addition to the influence on pedestrian safety, ramp also influence the walking comfort and efficiency of pedestrians in our daily lives. The climbing side of the ladder should have at least 36 inches from the center of the rungs for a slope of 76. For commercial ramps used for public spaces, 1:12 degrees of the slope is recommended. Restricting the slope to between 3° and 10° in the direction of travel is the preferred method as this reduces the risk of slips and trips. 5 to 1. 2 Design Imperative - Safety. 2. Physical barriers between the sidewalk and roadway (such as street trees, landscaping, bike lanes and parked cars) will increase2. 2 Components. B. For example, suppose the vertical rise is 10”. The maximum walkway slope for an ADA accessible route is 1 in 20, or 5%. Some central safety considerations ASTM F1637-21 covers are illumination, possible changes in walkway levels, and mats and runners on walkways. 1020, OSHA has simply moved the standard from Subpart C to Subpart Z of the Part 1910 - Occupational Safety and Health Standards. ADA Chapter 5 Section 505. 8 degree angle slope. 26 (b) (1) Dockboards put into initial service on or after January 17, 2017 are designed, constructed, and maintained to prevent transfer vehicles from running off the dockboard edge; 1910. 2. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(b)(1). all slopes using a 2-foot-long smart level on elements with a dimension of 4 feet or less, and a. 851 (c) In a multistory building, when a stairwell is being used, it shall be properly illuminated by either natural or artificial means, and completely. Let’s breakdown these standards so a clear picture emerges. Find more aboutSearchable OHS Regulation & related materials. An exit must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, or to an open space with access to the outside. Added to this, it also protects the roof. About 1/4" per foot is good. 502(k) and training that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926. 1 Accessibility. A garden or front yard can be a blank canvas for some people. (On a curb ramp, the cross slope is the slope perpendicular to [across] the direction of pedestrian travel on the ramp run. Curb ramps should meet the same general thresholds for repair as sidewalks. Design. No ramp or walkway shall incline more than 1:3 (1 vertical to horizontal, or 20 degrees above the horizontal). Be at least 132 inches wide. e.